WASHINGTON — U.S. health officials proposed steps to improve the government’s system for overseeing medical devices, which has been criticized for years for failing to catch problems with risky implants and medical instruments.

The plan from the Food and Drug Administration lists a number of ideas and proposals with the goal of improving safeguards on pacemakers, artificial joints, medical scanners and other devices.

Among other measures, the FDA will consider requiring more training for doctors who implant certain high-risk devices. But that step, like others floated by the agency, might require new guidelines or regulations. Other proposals may require additional money from Congress.

The FDA has repeatedly been forced to issue safety alerts about unexpected problems with devices that only appeared years after they were approved for use in patients.

In the last decade, those have included hip replacements that failed prematurely, faulty wiring in implanted defibrillators, surgical mesh linked to pain and bleeding and a surgical instrument that inadvertently spread uterine cancer.

“We want to have better tools for detecting issues that occur post-approval,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said Tuesday. “But we also want to have better policies to quickly intervene and better inform patients and providers if we see adverse events happening.”

An agency critic said the plan contains few concrete changes.

“FDA’s safety strategies for medical devices are still years away from effective implementation,” said Diana Zuckerman, president of the National Center for Health Research, a consumer advocacy group.

Ben Moscovitch, a medical device expert with Pew Charitable Trusts, applauded the agency for seeking “better and more data on safety and quality,” including from large medical databases.

The FDA’s framework for regulating devices dates to the mid-1970s and has been criticized in reports from government watchdogs and independent medical experts. Only new devices undergo testing in patients while the majority of devices are approved based on similarities to products already on the market.

In 2011, a report from the influential Institute of Medicine said the FDA should abandon its system because it provides little assurance that most devices are actually safe.

The group — now known as the National Academy of Medicine — is composed of medical experts who advise the federal government.

FDA officials rejected that report’s conclusions, saying the system works well for the vast majority of devices.