NOIDA, India — Over the past two years, this suburb of New Delhi mushroomed into a flourishing enclave of small cellphone manufacturers, attracting tens of thousands of workers from the countryside. Noida, known as the “handset hub,” was touted as a showcase for Prime Minister Narendra Modi's pet “Make in India” initiative.

Then on Nov. 8, Modi's government took a step that has jolted the bustling industrial quarter. It scrapped high-denomination currency, with a view, officials said, to curbing illicit wealth and the financing of terrorism. But the cash shortage triggered by the move has also curbed legitimate small enterprises. Many of Noida's manufacturing units have slashed production by nearly half, and more than a quarter of the workers have gone back to their villages.

“It was a booming, sunrise industry before Nov. 8. Not now,” said Vipin Malhan, president of Noida Entrepreneurs Association, who also runs a business that makes cellphone accessories here. “We are all in shock now. One word that businesses dread is ‘uncertainty.' The government has thrown that at us.”

Modi came to power in 2014 promising to boost business, create jobs and crack down on corruption. Halfway through his term, this controversial decision appears to be freezing business in centers such as Noida nationwide.

Several small- and medium-scale industrial clusters, employing more than 80 million people across India, are reporting declining sales, production slowdowns and layoffs since bills worth 500 and 1,000 Indian rupees were invalidated. Five hundred rupees is worth about $7.40.

Towns famous for weavers, lock makers, power looms, bicycle parts manufacturers, ready-made garments and handicrafts face rising inventories of unsold goods.

Citizens were given 50 days to exchange their old bills for new ones — or until Friday — but the process has been slowed by long lines at banks.

Even large car manufacturers have halted production in some of their factories for several days because of a sharp dip in consumer spending. And in a reflection of the belt-tightening that has accompanied the general sense of uncertainty, credit card companies have posted a decline in the total value of transactions, even as the cash shortage is forcing people to use their cards more.

Goldman Sachs has downgraded its outlook for growth in Asia's third-largest economy in the coming year to 6.3 percent.

“We started hearing murmurs that there were no fresh orders from the market. That our raw material was stuck because we could not pay. Stocks were piling up,” said Sudhir Ramphool Singh, 33, who recently lost his job at a cellphone assembly unit in Noida. “Production slowed. The unit was shut down for 10 days. When it reopened, many of us were asked to go.”

It was Modi who helped boost cellphone business in Noida last year.

“Earlier, India's rules favored importing fully manufactured mobile phones from places like China and Hong Kong,” said business tax consultant Saurabh Mathur. But Modi “made it cheaper for entrepreneurs to import critical components and assemble them here. That shifted about 100,000 jobs from China to India.”

Lava International, one of the leading cellphone manufacturers in Noida, said it had also halted production for 10 days and sent workers on leave.

“We are waiting and watching and will plan our next course of action based on how situation improves or deteriorates,” the company said in a statement.

With the state of Uttar Pradesh slated to hold elections early next year, the business slump and the lines at the banks have become campaign issues.

“Forget about creating new jobs. Modi's decision is taking away people's jobs,” opposition Congress party leader Rahul Gandhi said at a public meeting.

Despite nearly two decades of impressive economic growth, India has not created nearly enough new jobs. Nearly a million job seekers enter the job market every month. Yet, in 2015, only 135,000 new jobs were created, the lowest number since 2009.

Modi has urged people to adopt digital payment methods and bear some pain in support of the long-term goal of rooting out corruption.

“The losses in the small- and medium-scale industries are nominal and temporary,” said Kalraj Mishra, minister for micro, small and medium enterprises. “Once the currency flow resumes, the industrial momentum will be back.”

Mishra's office is conducting 50 training sessions every day in small industrial hubs to help businesses transition to cashless transactions. But many business owners in these clusters say it is not easy to change because daily wage laborers do not accept checks and do not have smartphones with web access.

“How are we supposed to become cashless overnight?” asked Bandish Jindal, a bicycle parts manufacturer in the northern city of Ludhiana.Last week, about 200 business executives in Ludhiana staged a sit-in against the cash-swap decision, calling it “ill-conceived.” They even formed a “stick brigade” and are threatening to beat tax officers who show up to “scrutinize our books needlessly and harass us.”

In the country's largest textile town, Bhiwandi, in western India, more than 2 million power looms used to operate around the clock. Countless machines are silent now.

“The cash shortage has come as the latest blow to the industry that was already hit by global competition,” said Rashid Tahir Momin, whose family owns about 400 power looms.

One of Momin's workers, Mazhar Zainuddin, used to earn nearly $200 a month. Now he is working at a construction site for half that amount near his ancestral village of Barbata, far away.

“I left my village 15 years ago,” said Zainuddin, speaking from Barbata by phone. “Now I am back here, where I started.”