The dark clouds rolled in over Phoenix's Ahwatukee Lakes Golf Course in 2013, when its owner declared that the costs of keeping it open had outstripped what he was collecting in greens fees.

Wilson Gee, a California businessman, shuttered the golf course, erected fences and began looking for a buyer. Homeowners, complaining he was turning the course into an eyesore in order to win approval to redevelop it into single-family homes, sued to reopen it.

Gee shanked his first attempt to sell it in 2014, when one homebuilder walked away from a deal, but he found a buyer in a Denver-based developer last year.

Then one night in February, the dark clouds turned to smoke, and a fire caved in the clubhouse roof.

It's a local story, defined by conditions peculiar to Ahwatukee, a community of about 80,000 separated from downtown Phoenix by a collection of 2,500-foot peaks known as South Mountain.

But the dynamics that bred the deadlock between the struggling golf course's owner and its aggrieved neighbors are mirrored in communities across the country.

Over 800 golf courses have closed nationwide in the last decade, as operators grapple with declining interest in the sport and a glut of competition. Many of those shuttered courses were built on land proscribed from redevelopment by local zoning codes seeking to preserve open space — or, as with Ahwatukee, by deed restrictions intended to protect homeowners who had paid a premium to live near a golf course.

That leaves some golf course owners with the real estate equivalent of an unplayable lie: They can't make money running the course, and they can't recoup their investment by selling it.

“If you open a restaurant in a strip mall and you fail, you close shop and move on,” said Jay Karen, chief executive officer of the National Golf Course Owners Association.

But for golf course owners, it's much harder to pull the plug on a failing business; as courses fall into disuse, they become suburban zombies — not quite dead, yet far from alive.

“Nobody's tracking what's happening to the land,” Karen said.

To some extent, all those course closures are simply a market correction: The golf industry went through a building boom in the 1990s and early 2000s, driven by developers who used golf courses as amenities to help sell homes.

But the closures also reflect changing preferences for leisure activities. Participation in the sport is down 20 percent since 2003, according to data from the National Golf Foundation, and homebuilders have moved on to new types of recreational amenities, including man-made lakes and agricultural communities.

In the face of declining interest and competition driven by oversupply, course owners have gone searching for ways out.

Some have donated golf course land to nature trusts and parks, taking a tax break in return. Others have inked deals with homebuilders — though those deals are often contingent on winning approval from homeowner associations or local governments.

“I'm hard-pressed to think of many cases where there isn't a higher or better use than a golf course for the site,” said Jeff Woolson, managing director of the golf and resort group at CBRE Group. “The only clear exception would be Augusta, Ga.” — the Bobby Jones-designed course that hosts the Masters tournament each year.

Lately, the fight in Ahwatukee has reached a new pitch.

In July, a Maricopa County judge declared that deed restrictions required the “operation of a golf course” on the property.

Then a local television station reported last month, citing unnamed fire department sources, that the clubhouse fire was set intentionally, stoking resentment among neighbors of the course's rundown state.

Scott Walker, the department's deputy chief of fire investigations, told Bloomberg the investigation is ongoing and no determination has been made.

This month, the developer to which Gee sold the course, True Life Companies, unveiled plans to redevelop it into an agricultural community with a community garden, a Montessori school and as many as a few hundred homes.

“They're going to do whatever they can do to convince owners that they'd be better off with housing,” said Linda Swain, one of the homeowners suing to reopen the course. Getting the plan approved will require written approval from more than 2,600 residents, or 50 percent of the local homeowner association.

Swain thinks that this will prove a tall order — but “after three years of disarray, maybe they have a chance.”

David Sabow, managing director at True Life Companies, said the lawsuit will be moot if the developer can win over the homeowners, but if need be, it's prepared to litigate for years.

“We spent a lot of time and effort to come up with a plan that the community would welcome,” he said. “As far as I'm concerned, the property will never be a golf course again.”

Gee, for his part, is glad to have washed his hands of it.

“People don't like change,” he said. “But the golf industry is in even worse shape today than it was in 2013 when I closed the course.”